diff --git a/content/Math4201/Math4201_L31.md b/content/Math4201/Math4201_L31.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..272fcc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4201/Math4201_L31.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +# Math4201 Topology I (Lecture 31) + +## Compactness + +### Local compactness + +$\mathbb{R}$ is not compact but it has a "lot" of compact subspaces. + +An arbitrary point $x\in\mathbb{R}$ then there is a subset $(x-\epsilon,x+\epsilon)U\subseteq \mathbb{R}$ such that $x\in U$ and $U$ is compact. + +#### Definition of local compactness + +A space $X$ is locally compact if every point $x\in X$, there is a compact subspace $K$ of $X$ containing a neighborhood $U$ of $x$ $x\in U\subseteq K$ such that $K$ is compact. + +
+Example + +$\mathbb{R}^\omega=\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\times \cdots$ with product topology. + +where basis is + +$$ +B=\{(a_1,b_1)\times (a_2,b_2)\times (a_3,b_3)\times \cdots\times \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\times \cdots \mid a_i,b_i\in \mathbb{R},a_i + +#### Theorem of Homeomorphism over locally compact Hausdorff spaces + +$X$ is a locally compact Hausdorff space if and only if there exists topological space $Y$ satisfying the following properties: + +1. $X$ is a subspace of $Y$. +2. $Y-X$ has one point (usually denoted by $\infty$). +3. $Y$ is compact and Hausdorff. + +$Y$ is unique in the following sense: + +If $Y'$ is another such space, then there is a homeomorphism between $Y$ and $Y'$ $f(x)=x$ for any $x\in X$. + +
+Proof for existence of Y + +Let $Y=X\cup \{\infty\}$. as a set. + +Topology on $Y$: + +$U\subseteq Y$ is open if and only if either + +1. $U\subseteq X$ and $U$ is open in $X$. ($\infty\notin U$) +2. $Y-U\subseteq X$ and $Y-U$ with the subspace topology from $X$ is compact. ($\infty\in U$) + +We need to show that there is a topology on $Y$ that satisfies the definition. + +1. $\emptyset\in \mathcal{T}$ because $\emptyset\subseteq X$, $Y\in \mathcal{T}$ because $Y-Y=\emptyset$ is compact. +2. This topology is closed with respect to finite intersections. + Consider $U,U'\in \mathcal{T}$. Then $U\cap U'$ is open. + - Case 1: $\infty\notin U,U'$, then $U\cap U'$ is open in $X$. + - Case 2: $\infty\in U,U'$ both, then $Y-U$, $Y-U'$ with subspace topology from $X$ are compact. Note that $Y-(U\cap U')=(Y-U)\cup (Y-U')$ is compact. + - Case 3: $\infty\in U$ but not $U'$, then $Y-U$ with subspace topology from $X$ is compact. So $Y-U\subseteq X$ is compact, and $U'\subseteq X$ is open. And $Y-U\subseteq X$ is closed because $X$ is Hausdorff. and $Y-U\subseteq X$ is compact. So $U\cap U'$ is open in our topology. + +
+ +
+Example for such Y + +Consider $X=(0,1)$, we can build $Y=(0,1)\cup \{\infty\}=S^1$. + +
+ +
+Proof for the theorem + +First we prove the uniqueness of $f$. + +$Y=X\cup \{\infty\}$. + +$Y'=X\cup \{\infty'\}$. + +the function $f:Y\to Y'$ is defined $f(x)=x$ for $x\in X$ and $f(\infty)=\infty$. + +We show that $f$ is a homeomorphism. + +If $f$ is clearly a bijection, we need to show $U\subseteq Y$ is open if and only if $f(U)\subseteq Y'$ is open. + +1. Suppose $U\subseteq Y$ is open. + +Case 1, $\infty\notin U$, so $U\subseteq X$. (Note $X$ is in $Y$) is open. $\{\infty'\}$ is closed in $Y'$ (since $Y'$ is Hausdorff). $f(U)=U\subseteq X$ (Note $X$ is in $Y'$) is open. So $U\subseteq X'$ is open. + +Case 2, $\infty\in U$. + +Since $U\subseteq Y$ is open, then $Y-U$ is closed. Note that $Y-U$ is closed in $Y$ and $Y$ is Hausdorff. So $Y-U$ is also compact. + +Since $\infty\in U$, then $Y-U\subseteq X$. + +This implies that $f(Y-U)\subseteq X\subset Y'$ is also compact. + +Since $Y-U\subseteq Y'$ and $Y'$ is Hausdorff, then $Y-U\subseteq Y'$ is closed. + +So $f(U)=U\subseteq Y'$ is open. + +2. Suppose $f(U)\subseteq Y'$ is open. + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docker/nginx.conf b/docker/nginx.conf index 139581e..1e9903f 100644 --- a/docker/nginx.conf +++ b/docker/nginx.conf @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ http { } location / { - proxy_pass http://notenextra-cse; + proxy_pass http://notenextra-math; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;