From 1fac4c46fabbd1c604100265163c4e76472f4251 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trance-0 <60459821+Trance-0@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2025 12:00:58 -0600
Subject: [PATCH] updates

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+# Math4201 Topology I (Lecture 34)
+
+## Countability axioms
+
+### Second countability axiom
+
+<details>
+<summary>Example of spaces that is first countable but not second countable</summary>
+
+Let $\mathbb{R}_l$ be $\mathbb{R}$ with the lower limit topology generated by the basis:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{B}=\{[a,b)\mid a,b\in \mathbb{R},a<b\}
+$$
+
+And $\mathbb{R}_l$ is first countable since for each $x\in \mathbb{R}$, there is a countable collection $\{[x,\frac{1}{n}+x)\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ of open intervals in $\mathbb{R}_l$ such that any open interval $U$ of $x$ contains one of $[x,\frac{1}{n}+x)\}$
+
+However, $\mathbb{R}_l$ is not second contable:
+
+If $\mathbb{R}_l$ is second countable, then for any real number $x$, there is an element $U$ of $\mathcal{B}$ contains $x$ and is contained in $[x,x+1)$.
+
+Any such open sets is of the form $[x,x+\epsilon)\cap A$ with $\epsilon>0$ and any element of $A$ being larger than $\min(U_x)=x$.
+
+In summary, for any $x\in \mathbb{R}$, there is an element $U_x\in \mathcal{B}$ with $(U_x)=x$. In particular, if $x\neq y$, then $U_x\neq U_y$. SO there is an injective map $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathcal{B}$ sending $x$ to $U_x$. This implies that $\mathbb{B}$ is uncountable.
+
+</details>
+
+#### Proposition of second countable spaces
+
+Let $X$ be a second countable topological space. Then the following holds:
+
+1. Any discrete subspace $Y$ of $X$ is countable
+2. There exists a countable subset of $X$ that is dense in $X$ (_also called separable spaces_)
+3. Every open covering of $X$ has **countable** subcover (That is if $X=\bigcup_{\alpha\in I} U_\alpha$, then there exists a **countable** subcover $\{U_{\alpha_1}, ..., U_{\alpha_\infty}\}$ of $X$) (_also called Lindelof spaces_)
+
+<details>
+<summary>Proof</summary>
+
+First we prove that any discrete subspace $Y$ of $X$ is countable.
+
+Let $Y$ be a discrete subspace of $X$. In particular, for any $y\in Y$ we can find an element $B_y$ of the countable basis $\mathcal{B}$ for $Y$ such that $B_y\cap Y=\{y\}$.
+
+In particular, if $y\neq y'$, then $B_y\neq B_{y'}$. Because $\{y\}=B_y\cap Y\neq B_{y'}\cap Y=\{y'\}$.
+
+This shows that $\{B_y\}_{y\in Y}\subseteq B$ has the same number of elements as $Y$.
+
+So $Y$ has to be countable.
+
+---
+
+Next we prove that there exists a countable subset of $X$ that is dense in $X$.
+
+For each basis element $B\in \mathcal{B}$, we can pick an element $x\in B$ and let $A$ be the union of all such $x$.
+
+We claim that $A$ is dense.
+
+To show that $A$ is dense, let $U$ be a non-empty open subset of $X$.
+
+Take an element $x\in U$. Note that by definition of basis, there is some element $B\in \mathcal{B}$ such that $x\in B$. So $x\in B\cap U$. $U\cap B\neq \emptyset$, so $A\cap U\neq \emptyset$.
+
+Since $A\cap U\neq \emptyset$ this shows that $A$ is dense.
+
+---
+
+Then we prove that every open covering of $X$ has countable subcover.
+
+Let $\{U_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in I}$ be an open covering of $X$. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be a countable basis for $X$.
+
+For any basis element $B$ of $X$. If $B$ is in $U_\alpha$ for some $\alpha\in I$, then pick $U_\alpha$ as an element of our subcover.
+
+This way we get countably many open sets $U_\alpha$'s because $\mathcal{B}$ is countable.
+
+We also claim that the chosen $U_\alpha$'s given an open covering of $X$.
+
+For any $x\in X$, there is $U_\alpha$ (possibly not one of the chosen ones) such that $x\in U_\alpha$. There is $B_x\in \mathcal{B}$ such that $x\in B_x\subseteq U_\alpha$.
+
+In particular, there is a chosen $U_\alpha$ such that $B_x\subseteq U_\alpha$. This implies that there is a chosen $U_\alpha$, containing $x$.
+
+</details>
+
+### Separation Axioms
+
+> Our goal is to find conditions that if some space is second countable, and xxx, then it's metrizable.
+
+#### Kolmogorov classification
+
+Let $X$ be a topological space:
+
+- $X$ is $T_0$ if for any pair of points $x,y\in X$, $x\neq y$, there is an open set $U$ containing $x$ but not $y$. (equivalent to say that any singleton set is closed)
+- $X$ is Hausdorff if for any pair of distinct $x,y\in X$, there are **disjoint** open sets $U$ and $V$ such that $x\in U$ and $y\in V$.
+
+#### Definition of regular spaces
+
+A $T_0$ space is regular if for any $x\in X$ and any close set $A\subseteq X$ such that $x\notin A$, there are **disjoint open sets** $U,V$ such that $x\in U$ and $A\subseteq V$.
+
+#### Definition of normal spaes
+
+A $T_0$ space is normal if for any disjoint closed sets, $A,B\subseteq X$, there are **disjoint open sets** $U,V$ such that $A\subseteq U$ and $B\subseteq V$.
+
+<details>
+<summary></summary>
+
+Let $\mathbb{R}_K$ be the topology on $\mathbb{R}$ generated by the basis:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{B}=\{(a,b)\mid a,b\in \mathbb{R},a<b\}\cup \{(a,b)-K\mid a,b\in \mathbb{R},a<b\}
+$$
+
+where $K=\coloneqq \{\frac{1}{n}\mid n\in \mathbb{N}\}$.
+
+**This is finer than the standard topology** on $\mathbb{R}$.
+
+Since $(-1,1)-K$ is not open in $\mathbb{R}$, but it is open in $\mathbb{R}_K$.
+
+$\mathbb{R}_K$ is Hausdorff, since for any $x\neq y$, there is an open set $(x-\epsilon,x+\epsilon)$ and $(y-\epsilon,y+\epsilon)$ such that $(x-\epsilon,x+\epsilon)\cap (y-\epsilon,y+\epsilon)=\emptyset$.
+
+However, this space is not regular.
+
+consider $x=0$ and $A=K$ is a closed set.
+
+Any open neighborhood $U$ of $x$ and $V$ of $A$ are not disjoint.
+
+Otherwise, if there exists such $U$ and $V$, we can assume $U$ is a basis element. If $U=(a,b)$ with $0\in U$ then $U\cap K\neq \emptyset$.
+
+Which is a contradiction.
+
+So $U=(a,b)-K$. Suppose $\frac{1}{n}\in (a,b)$.
+
+Then $V$ contains an open interval of the form $(\frac{1}{n}-\epsilon,\frac{1}{n}+\epsilon)$. But $(a,b)-K\cap (\frac{1}{n}-\epsilon,\frac{1}{n}+\epsilon)\neq \emptyset$.
+
+Which is a contradiction.
+
+</details>
+
+Let $X$ be a regular space. Take $x\in X$ and an open neighborhood $U$ of $x$. So $A\coloneqq X-U$ is a closed set disjoint from $U$.
+
+By regularity assumption, there is an open neighborhood $W_1$ of $x$ and $W_2$ of $A$ that are disjoint.
+
+In particular, $X-W_2$ is a closed set contained in $X-A$.
+
+In particular, $X-W_2$ is a closed set contained in $X-A=U$ which also contains $W_1$. This implies that the closure of $W_1$ is contained in $U$.
+
+#### Lemma of regular spaces
+
+If $X$ is a regular space, and $x\in X$, and $U$ is an open neighborhood of $x$, then there is an open neighborhood $V$ of $x$ such that $\overline{V}\subseteq U$.
+
+Continue next lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/content/Math4201/_meta.js b/content/Math4201/_meta.js
index b915733..d874e5e 100644
--- a/content/Math4201/_meta.js
+++ b/content/Math4201/_meta.js
@@ -37,4 +37,5 @@ export default {
     Math4201_L31: "Topology I (Lecture 31)",
     Math4201_L32: "Topology I (Lecture 32)",
     Math4201_L33: "Topology I (Lecture 33)",
+    Math4201_L34: "Topology I (Lecture 34)",
 }