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This lecture introduces cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, focusing on formal models, value factorization, and modern algorithms such as QMIX and QPLEX.
## Multi-Agent Coordination Under Uncertainty
In cooperative MARL, multiple agents aim to maximize a shared team reward. The environment can be modeled using a Markov game or a Decentralized Partially Observable MDP (Dec-POMDP).
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Training uses global information (centralized), but execution uses local agent observations. This is critical for real-world deployment.
## Joint vs Factored Q-Learning
### Joint Q-Learning
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The goal is to enable decentralized greedy action selection.
## Individual-Global-Max (IGM) Condition
The IGM condition enables decentralized optimal action selection:
$$
\arg\max_{\mathbf{a}} Q_{tot}(s,\mathbf{a})
===========================================
\arg\max_{\mathbf{a}} Q_{tot}(s,\mathbf{a})=
\big(\arg\max_{a_{1}} Q_{1}(s,a_{1}), \dots, \arg\max_{a_{n}} Q_{n}(s,a_{n})\big)
$$
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IGM makes decentralized execution optimal with respect to the learned factorized value.
## Linear Value Factorization
### VDN (Value Decomposition Networks)
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- Limited representation capacity.
- Cannot model non-linear teamwork interactions.
## QMIX: Monotonic Value Factorization
QMIX uses a state-conditioned mixing network enforcing monotonicity:
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- More expressive than VDN.
- Supports CTDE while keeping decentralized greedy execution.
## Theoretical Issues With Linear and Monotonic Factorization
Limitations:
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- QMIX monotonicity limits representation power for tasks requiring non-monotonic interactions.
- Off-policy training can diverge in some factorizations.
## QPLEX: Duplex Dueling Multi-Agent Q-Learning
QPLEX introduces a dueling architecture that satisfies IGM while providing full representation capacity within the IGM class.
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- Has full representation capacity for all IGM-consistent Q-functions.
- Enables stable off-policy training.
## QPLEX Training Objective
QPLEX minimizes a TD loss over $Q_{tot}$:
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- $\mathbf{a'}$: next joint action evaluated by TD target.
- $Q_{tot}$: QPLEX global value estimate.
## Role of Credit Assignment
Credit assignment addresses: "Which agent contributed what to the team reward?"
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- Dueling architectures allow each agent to learn its influence.
- QPLEX provides clean marginal contributions implicitly.
## Performance on SMAC Benchmarks
QPLEX outperforms:
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- Strong representational capacity.
- Off-policy stability.
## Extensions: Diversity and Shared Parameter Learning
Parameter sharing encourages sample efficiency, but can cause homogeneous agent behavior.
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These techniques improve exploration and cooperation in complex multi-agent tasks.
## Summary of Lecture 24
Key points:
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- QPLEX achieves full IGM representational capacity.
- Implicit credit assignment arises naturally from factorization.
- Diversity methods allow richer multi-agent coordination strategies.
## Recommended Screenshot Frames for Lecture 24
- Lecture 24, page 16: CTDE and QMIX architecture diagram (mixing network). Subsection: "QMIX: Monotonic Value Factorization".
- Lecture 24, page 31: QPLEX benchmark performance on SMAC. Subsection: "Performance on SMAC Benchmarks".