diff --git a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md index eeda5de..a68980d 100644 --- a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md +++ b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md @@ -1 +1,68 @@ -# Lecture 17 \ No newline at end of file +# Math4121 Lecture 17 + +## Continue on Last lecture + +### Countability + +#### Theorem: $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable + +We denote the cardinality of $\mathbb{N}$ be $\aleph_0$ + +We denote the cardinality of $\mathbb{R}$ be $\mathfrak{c}$ + +> Continuum Hypothesis: +> +> If there a cardinality between $\aleph_0$ and $\mathfrak{c}$ + +### Power set + +#### Definition: Power set + +Given a set $S$, the power set of $S$, denoted $\mathscr{P}(S)$ or $2^S$, is the collection of all subsets of $S$. + +#### Theorem 3.10 (Cantor's Theorem) + +Cardinality of $2^S$ is not equal to the cardinality of $S$. + +Proof: + +Assume they have the same cardinality, then $\exists \psi: S \to 2^X$ which is one-to-one and onto. (this function returns a subset of $S$) + +$$ +T=\{a\in S:a\notin \psi (a)\}\subseteq S +$$ + +Thus, $\exists b\in S$ such that $\psi(b)=T$. + +If $b\in T$, then by definition of $T$, $b \notin \psi(b)$, but $\psi(b) = T$, which is a contradiction. So $b\notin T$. + +If $b \notin T$, then $b \in \psi(b)$, which is also a contradiction since $b\in T$. Therefore, $2^S$ cannot have the same cardinality as $S$. + +EOP + +### Back to Hankel's Conjecture + +$$ +T=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty \left(a_n-\frac{\epsilon}{2^{n+1}},a_n+\frac{\epsilon}{2^{n+1}}\right) +$$ + +is small + +What is the structure of $S=[0,1]\setminus T$? (or Sparse) + +- Cardinality (countable) +- Topologically (not dense) +- Measure, for now meaning small or zero outer content. + +## Chapter 4: Nowhere Dense SEts and the Problem with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus + +### Nowhere Dense Sets + +#### Definition: Nowhere Dense Set + +A set $S$ is **nowhere dense** if there are no open intervals in which $S$ is dense. + +#### Corollary: A set is nowhere dense if and only if $S$ contains no open intervals + +$S'$ contains no open intervals +