diff --git a/content/Math4302/Math4302_L26.md b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L26.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..186b33d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L26.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Math4302 Modern Algebra (Lecture 26) + +## Rings + +### Integral Domains + +Recall from last lecture, we consider $\mathbb{Z}_p$ and $\mathbb{Z}_p^*$ denote the group of units in $\mathbb{Z}_p$ with multiplication. + +$$ +\mathbb{Z}_p^* = \{1,2,\cdots,p-1\}, \quad |\mathbb{Z}_p^*| = p-1 +$$ + +Let $[a]\in \mathbb{Z}_p^*$, then $[a]^{p-1}=[1]$, this implies that $a^{p-1}\mod p=1$. + +Now if $m\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $a=$ remainder of $m$ by $p$, $[a]\in \mathbb{Z}_p$, implies $m\equiv a\mod p$. + +Then $m^{p-1}\equiv a^{p-1}\mod p$. + +So + +#### Fermat’s little theorem + +If $p$ is not a divisor of $m$, then $m^{p-1}\equiv 1\mod p$. + +#### Corollary of Fermat’s little theorem + +If $m\in \mathbb{Z}$, then $m^p\equiv m\mod p$. + +
+Proof + +If $p|m$, then $m^{p-1}\equiv 0\equiv m\mod p$. + +If $p\not|m$, then by Fermat’s little theorem, $m^{p-1}\equiv 1\equiv m\mod p$, so $m^p\equiv m\mod p$. + +
+ +
+Example + +Find the remainder of $40^{100}$ by $19$. + +$40^{100}\equiv 2^{100}\mod 19$ + +$2^{100}\equiv 2^{10}\mod 19$ (Fermat’s little theorem $2^18\equiv 1\mod 19, 2^{90}\equiv 1\mod 19$) + +$2^10\equiv (-6)^2\mod 19\equiv 36\mod 19\equiv 17\mod 19$ + +--- + +For every integer $n$, $15|(n^{33}-n)$. + +$15=3\cdot 5$, therefore enough to show that $3|(n^{33}-n)$ and $5|(n^{33}-n)$. + +Apply the corollary of Fermat’s little theorem to $p=3$: $n^3\equiv n\mod 3$, $(n^3)^11\equiv n^{11}\equiv (n^3)^3 n^2=n^3 n^2\equiv n^3\mod 3\equiv n\mod 3$. + +Therefore $3|(n^{33}-n)$. + +Apply the corollary of Fermat’s little theorem to $p=5$: $n^5\equiv n\mod 5$, $n^30 n^3\equiv (n^5)^6 n^3\equiv n^6 n^3\equiv n^5\mod 5\equiv n\mod 5$. + +Therefore $5|(n^{33}-n)$. + +
+ +#### Euler’s totient function + +Consider $\mathbb{Z}_6$, by definition for the group of units, $\mathbb{Z}_6^*=\{1,5\}$. + +$$ +\phi(n)=|\mathbb{Z}_n^*|=|\{1\leq x\leq n:gcd(x,n)=1\}| +$$ + +
+Example + +$\phi(8)=|\{1,3,5,7\}|=4$ + +
+ +If $[a]\in \mathbb{Z}_n^*$, then $[a]^{\phi(n)}=[1]$. So $a^{\phi(n)}\equiv 1\mod n$. + +#### Theorem + +If $m\in \mathbb{Z}$, and $gcd(m,n)=1$, then $m^{\phi(n)}\equiv 1\mod n$. + +
+Proof + +If $a$ is the remainder of $m$ by $n$, then $m\equiv a\mod n$, and $\operatorname{gcd}(a,n)=1$, so $m^{\phi(n)}\equiv a^{\phi(n)}\equiv 1\mod n$. + +
+ +#### Applications on solving modular equations + +Solving equations of the form $ax\equiv b\mod n$. + +Not always have solution, $2x\equiv 1\mod 4$ has no solution since $1$ is odd. + +Solution for $2x\equiv 1\mod 3$ + +- $x\equiv 0\implies 2x\equiv 0\mod 3$ +- $x\equiv 1\implies 2x\equiv 2\mod 3$ +- $x\equiv 2\implies 2x\equiv 1\mod 3$ + +So solution for $2x\equiv 1\mod 3$ is $\{3k+2|k\in \mathbb{Z}\}$. + +#### Theorem for solving modular equations + +$ax\equiv b\mod n$ has a solution if and only if $\operatorname{gcd}(a,n)|b$ and in that case the equation has $d$ solutions in $\mathbb{Z}_n$. + +Proof on next lecture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Math4302/_meta.js b/content/Math4302/_meta.js index 5406c99..830e780 100644 --- a/content/Math4302/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4302/_meta.js @@ -28,4 +28,5 @@ export default { Math4302_L23: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 23)", Math4302_L24: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 24)", Math4302_L25: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 25)", + Math4302_L26: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 26)", }