diff --git a/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S5.md b/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S5.md index a5c7e97..37686ef 100644 --- a/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S5.md +++ b/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S5.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Math 401, Fall 2025: Thesis notes, S4, Differential Forms +# Math 401, Fall 2025: Thesis notes, S5, Differential Forms This note aim to investigate What is homology and cohomology? @@ -235,3 +235,7 @@ $$ $$ A tangent vector at $p\in M$ is the + +[2025.12.03] + +Goal: Finish the remaining parts of this book \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S6.md b/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..631c863 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math401/Extending_thesis/Math401_S6.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Math 401, Fall 2025: Thesis notes, S6, Algebraic Geometry + +## Affine algebraic variety + +The affine algebraic variety is the common zero set of a collection $\{F_i\}_{i\in I}$ of complex polynomials on complex n-space $\mathbb{C}^n$. We write + +$$ +V=\mathbb{V}(\{F_i\}_{i\in I})=\{z\in \mathbb{C}^n\vert F_i(z)=0\text{ for all } i\in I\} +$$ + +Note that $I$ may not be countable or finite. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Math4201/Math4201_L38.md b/content/Math4201/Math4201_L38.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5860b5c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4201/Math4201_L38.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# Math4201 Topology I (Lecture 38) + +## Countability and separability + +### Metrizable spaces + +Let $\mathbb{R}^\omega$ be the set of all countable sequences of real numbers. + +where the basis is defined + +$$ +\mathcal{B}=\{\prod_{i=1}^\infty (a_i,b_i)\text{for all except for finitely many}(a_i,b_i)=\mathbb{R}\} +$$ + +#### Lemma $\mathbb{R}^\omega$ is metrizable + +Consider the metric define on $\mathbb{R}^\omega$ by $D(\overline{x},\overline{y})=\sup\{\frac{\overline{d}(x_i,y_i)}{i}\}$ + +where $\overline{x}=(x_1,x_2,x_3,\cdots)$ and $\overline{y}=(y_1,y_2,y_3,\cdots)$, $\overline{d}=\min\{|x_i-y_i|,1\}$. + +
+Sketch of proof + +1. $D$ is a metric. exercise + +2. $\forall \overline{x}\in \mathbb{R}^\omega$, $\forall \epsilon >0$, $\exists$ basis open set in product topology $U\subseteq B_D(\overline{x},\epsilon)$ containing $\overline{x}$. + +Choose $N\geq \frac{1}{\epsilon}$, then $\forall n\geq N,\frac{\overline{d}(x_n,y_n)}{n}<\frac{1}{N}<\epsilon$ +
+ +We will use the topological space above to prove the following theorem. + +#### Theorem for metrizable spaces + +If $X$ is a regular and second countable topological space, then $X$ is metrizable. + +
+ +Proof + +We will show that there exists embedding $F:X\to \mathbb{R}^\omega$ such that $F$ is continuous, injective and if $Z=F(X)$, $F:X\to Z$ is a open map. + +Recall that [regular and second countable spaces are normal](./Math4201_L36.md/#theorem-for-constructing-normal-spaces) + +1. Since $X$ is regular, then 1 point sets in $X$ are closed. +2. $X$ is regular if and only if $\forall x\in U\subseteq X$, $U$ is open in $X$. There exists $V$ open in $X$ such that $x\in V\subseteq\overline{V}\subseteq U$. + +Let $\{B_n\}$ be a countable basis for $X$ (by second countability). + +Pass to $(n,m)$ such that $\overline{B_n}\subseteq B_m$. + +By [Urysohn lemma](./Math4201_L37.md/#urysohn-lemma), there exists continuous function $g_{m,n}: X\to [0,1]$ such that $g_{m,n}(\overline{B_n})=\{1\}$ and $g_{m,n}(B_m)=\{0\}$. + +Therefore, we have $\{g_{m,n}\}$ is a countable set of functions, where $\overline{B_n}\subseteq B_m$. + +We claim that $\forall x_0\in U$ such that $U$ is open in $X$, there exists $k\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $f_k(\{x_0\})>0$ and $f_k(X-U)=0$. + +Definition of basis implies that $\exists x_0\in B_m\subseteq U$ + +Note that since $X$ is regular, there exists $x_0\in B_n\subseteq \overline{B_n}\subseteq B_m$. + +Choose $f_k=g_{m,n}$, then $f_k(\overline{B_n})=\{1\}$ and $f_k(B_n)=\{0\}$. So $f_k(x_0)=1$ since $x_0\in \overline{B_n}$. + +So $F$ is **continuous** since each of the $f_k$ is continuous. + +$F$ is **injective** since $x\neq y$ implies that there exists $k$, $f_k=g_{m,n}$ where $x\in \overline{B_n}\subseteq B_m$ such that $f_k(x)\neq f_k(y)$. + +If $F(U)$ is open for all $U\subseteq X$, $U$ is open in $X$, then $F:X\to Z$ is homeomorphism. + +We want to show that $\forall z_0\in F(U)$, there exists neighborhood $W$ of $z_0$, $z_0\in W\subseteq F(U)$. + +We know that $\exists x_0\in F(x_0)$ such that $F(x_0)=z_0$. + +We choose $N$ such that $f_N(\{x_0\})>0$ and $f_N(X-U)=0$, ($V\cap Z\subseteq F(U)$). + +Let $V=\pi_N^{-1}((0,\infty))$. By construction, $V$ is open in $\mathbb{R}^\omega$. and $V\cap Z$ is open in $Z$ containing $z_0$. + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Math4201/_meta.js b/content/Math4201/_meta.js index 0e1c4ed..914cb15 100644 --- a/content/Math4201/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4201/_meta.js @@ -41,4 +41,5 @@ export default { Math4201_L35: "Topology I (Lecture 35)", Math4201_L36: "Topology I (Lecture 36)", Math4201_L37: "Topology I (Lecture 37)", + Math4201_L38: "Topology I (Lecture 38)", }