From 88ceb337e0767c637acaa0165091be4dbc6a1f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zheyuan Wu <60459821+Trance-0@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Feb 2026 11:51:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH] update

---
 content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md |  2 +-
 content/Math4202/Math4202_L16.md | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 content/Math4202/_meta.js        |  1 +
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 content/Math4202/Math4202_L16.md

diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md
index 70d9e8b..503b1b3 100644
--- a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md
+++ b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Let $p: E\to B$ be a covering map, and $e_0\in E$ and $p(e_0)=b_0$. Any path $f:
 Back to the circle example, it means that there exists a unique correspondence between a loop starting at $(1,0)$ in $S^1$ and a path in $\mathbb{R}$ starting at $0$, ending in $\mathbb{Z}$.
 
 <details>
-<summary>Proof</summary>
+<summary>Idea for Proof</summary>
 
 Starting at $b_0$, by the covering map property, there exist some open neighborhood $U_0$ of $b_0$ such that $V_0=p^{-1}(U_0)$ is a neighborhood of $e_0$. And $p|_{V_0}$ is a homeomorphism on to $U_0$. 
 
diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L16.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e31d66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Math4202 Topology II (Lecture 16)
+
+## Algebraic Topology
+
+### Fundamental group of the circle
+
+Recall from previous lecture, we have unique lift for covering map.
+
+#### Lemma for unique lifting for covering map
+
+Let $p: E\to B$ be a covering map, and $e_0\in E$ and $p(e_0)=b_0$. Any path $f:I\to B$ beginning at $b_0$, has a unique lifting to a path starting at $e_0$.
+
+Back to the circle example, it means that there exists a unique correspondence between a loop starting at $(1,0)$ in $S^1$ and a path in $\mathbb{R}$ starting at $0$, ending in $\mathbb{Z}$.
+
+<details>
+<summary>Proof</summary>
+
+$\forall t\in I$, by the covering map, partition into slices property, there exist some open neighborhood $U_{f(t)}$ of $f(t)$ such that $p^{-1}(U_{f(t)})\subseteq E$ is a neighborhood of $e_0$. And $p^{-1}(U_{f(t)})$ is a disjoint union of $\{V_{f(t),\alpha}\}$
+
+Since $f:I\to B$ is continuous, then $V_t$ of $t\in I$ is open in $I$ and we can find some small open neighborhood $f^{-1}(V_t)\subseteq U_{f(t)}$.
+
+Note that $\{V_t\}$ is an open cover of $[0,1]$. As $[0,1]$ is compact, $\{V_t\}$ has a finite subcover, $\{V_{t_i}\}_{i=1}^k$.
+
+Then we can use $\{V_{t_i}\}_{i=1}^k$ to partition $I$ into $0<s_1<s_2<\cdots<s_m=1$, such that $[s_i,s_{i+1}]$ is contained in one of $V_{t_i}$.
+
+We can do so by consider the $[0,t_1)\subseteq V_{t_1}$, therefore $[t_1,1]\subseteq \bigcup_{i=2}^k V_{t_i}$. (These open sets should intersect with $[t_1,1]$ non trivially, no useless choice shall be made.)
+
+Since $\bigcup_{i=2}^k V_{t_i}$ is open, there is $z_1<t_1$ and $(z_1,1]\subseteq \bigcup_{i=2}^k V_{t_i}$.
+
+Then we can choose $z_1<s_1<t_1$, since $s_1\in \bigcup_{i=2}^k V_{t_i}$, there exists some $V_{t_2}$ such that $s_1\in V_{t_2}$.
+
+Note that we can find $[0,t_2)\subseteq V_{t_1}\cup V_{t_2}$, and $t_2>t_1$.
+
+Continue this process, we can find our partition $0<s_1<s_2<\cdots<s_m=1$, such that $[s_i,s_{i+1}]$ is contained in one of $V_{t_i}$.
+
+In conclusion, we find the above partition of $I$ such that
+
+$$
+f([s_i,s_{i+1}])\subset f(V_{t_i})\subseteq U_i
+$$
+
+Define $\tilde{f}:I\to E$, on $[0,s_1]$, $f([0,s_1])\subseteq U_0$, $p^{-1}(U_0)=\bigcup_\alpha W_{0,\alpha}$, $\exists \alpha_0$ such that $e_0\in W_{0,\alpha_0}$.
+
+$$
+\tilde{f}=(p^{-1}|_{W_{s_i,\alpha_i}})\circ f
+$$
+Repeat the same construction for each $[s_i,s_{i+1}]$.
+
+---
+
+The uniqueness for lifting map is guaranteed by the following:
+
+- For $e_0$, $W_{0,\alpha_0}\to U_0$ is a homeomorphism, suppose $\tilde{f}$ and $\tilde{f}'$ are liftings of $f$, then they must agree on $\tilde{f}([0,s_1])=\tilde{f}'([0,s_1])=p^{-1}(U_0)\circ f$.
+- Repeat the same construction for each $[s_i,s_{i+1}]$.
+
+</details>
+
+#### Lemma for unique lifting homotopy for covering map
+
+Let $p: E\to B$ be a covering map, and $e_0\in E$ and $p(e_0)=b_0$. Let $F:I\times I\to B$ be continuous with $F(0,0)=b_0$. There is a unique lifting of $F$ to a continuous map $\tilde{F}:T\times I\to E$, such that $\tilde{F}(0,0)=e_0$.
+
+Further more, if $F$ is a path homotopy, then $\tilde{F}$ is a path homotopy.
+
+Discuss on Firday.
diff --git a/content/Math4202/_meta.js b/content/Math4202/_meta.js
index 4e36211..d5f0b61 100644
--- a/content/Math4202/_meta.js
+++ b/content/Math4202/_meta.js
@@ -18,4 +18,5 @@ export default {
     Math4202_L13: "Topology II (Lecture 13)",
     Math4202_L14: "Topology II (Lecture 14)",
     Math4202_L15: "Topology II (Lecture 15)",
+    Math4202_L16: "Topology II (Lecture 16)",
 }