diff --git a/docker-compose.yaml b/docker-compose.yaml index cfe1de9..0c4a399 100644 --- a/docker-compose.yaml +++ b/docker-compose.yaml @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ services: build: context: ./ dockerfile: ./Dockerfile - image: trance0/notenextra:v1.1.1 + image: trance0/notenextra:v1.1.2 restart: on-failure:5 ports: - 13000:3000 diff --git a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md index fb08a93..836af8a 100644 --- a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md +++ b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L17.md @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ What is the structure of $S=[0,1]\setminus T$? (or Sparse) - Topologically (not dense) - Measure, for now meaning small or zero outer content. -## Chapter 4: Nowhere Dense SEts and the Problem with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus +## Chapter 4: Nowhere Dense Sets and the Problem with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ### Nowhere Dense Sets diff --git a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L18.md b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L18.md index 078e0d2..2b5d665 100644 --- a/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L18.md +++ b/pages/Math4121/Math4121_L18.md @@ -1 +1,72 @@ -# Lecture 18 \ No newline at end of file +# Math4121 Lecture 18 + +## Continue + +### Small sets + +A set that is nowhere dense, has zero outer content yet is uncountable. + +By modifying this example, we can find similar with any outer content between 0 and 1. + +#### Definition: Perfect Set + +$S\subsetes[0,1]$ is perfect if $S=S'$. + +Example: + +- $[0,1]$ is perfect + - perfect sets are closed +- Finite collection of points is not perfect because they do not have limit points. + - perfect sets are uncountable (no countable sets can be perfect) + +#### Middle third Cantor set + +We construct the set by removing the middle third of the interval. + +Let $C_0=[0,1]$, $C_1=[0,\frac{1}{3}]\cup[\frac{2}{3}]$ ... + +Continuing this process indefinitely, we define the Cantor set as + +$$ +C=\Bigcap_{n=0}^{\infty}C_n +$$ + +1. $C_n\subseteq C_{n-1}$ +2. $\ell(C_n)=\ell(C_{n-1})$ +3. Each $C_n$ is closed. + +> The algebraic expression for $C_n$, where $a\in[0,1]$, we write as a decimal expansion in base $3$. +> +> $$ a=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{a_n}{3^n}$$, where $a_n\in\{0,1,2\}$. +> +> In this case, $C_0\to C_1$ means deleting all numbers with $a_1=1$. (the same as deleting the interval $[\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3}]$) +> +> $C_1\to C_2$ means deleting all the numbers with $a_2=1$.$ +> +> So we can write the set as $$C=\left\{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_n}{3^n},a_n\in\{0,2\}\right\}$$ + +#### Proposition 4.1 + +$C$ is perfect and nowhere dense, and outer content is 0. + +Proof: + +(i) $c_e(C)=0$ + +Let $\epsilon>0$, then $\exists n$ such that $\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)<\epsilon$. Then $C_n$ is a cover of $C$, and $\ell(C_n)<\epsilon$. + +(ii) $C$ is perfect + +Since $C_n$ is closed, $C$ is closed (any intersection of closed set is closed) so $C'\subseteq C$. + +Let $a\in C$, and we need to show $a$ is a limit point. Let $\epsilon>0$, and we need to find $a^*\in C\setminus\{a\}$ and $|a^* - a| < \epsilon$. Suppose $a=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{a_n}{3^n}, a_n \in \{0, 2\}$, Notive that if $a^*\in C$ has the expansion as $a$ except the k-th term. + +So $|a^*-a|=\frac{2}{3^k}$, which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing a sufficiently large $k$. Thus, $a$ is a limit point of $C$, proving that $C$ is perfect. + +(iii) $C$ is nowhere dense + +It is sufficient to show $C$ contains no intervals. + +Any open intervals has a real number with 1 in it's base 3 decimal expansion (proof in homework) + +_take some interval in $(a,b)$ we can change the digits that is small enough and keep the element still in the set_ diff --git a/pages/Math4121/_meta.js b/pages/Math4121/_meta.js index 29d9f95..3586b26 100644 --- a/pages/Math4121/_meta.js +++ b/pages/Math4121/_meta.js @@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ export default { Math4121_L15: "Introduction to Lebesgue Integration (Lecture 15)", Math4121_L16: "Introduction to Lebesgue Integration (Lecture 16)", Math4121_L17: "Introduction to Lebesgue Integration (Lecture 17)", - Math4121_L18: { - display: 'hidden' - }, + Math4121_L18: "Introduction to Lebesgue Integration (Lecture 18)", Math4121_L19: { display: 'hidden' },