diff --git a/content/Math4302/Math4302_L14.md b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L14.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..091231f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L14.md @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +# Math4302 Modern Algebra (Lecture 14) + +## Group + +### Cosets + +Left cosets: + +$$ +aH=\{x|a\sim x\}=\{x\in G|a^{-1}x\in H\}=\{x|x=ah\text{ for some }h\in H\} +$$ + +Right cosets: + +$$ +Ha=\{x|x\sim'a\}=\{x\in G|xa^{-1}\in H\}=\{x|x=ha\text{ for some }h\in H\} +$$ + +And $G=\sqcup_{a\in G}aH=\sqcup_{a\in G}Ha$ (all sets are disjoint) + +And $H$ is both a left and right coset of $G$ + +
+Example of left and right cosets + +$G=S_3=\{e,\rho,\rho^2,\tau_1,\tau_2,\tau_3\}$ with $H=\{e,\rho, \rho^2\}$, $\tau_1=(12), \tau_2=(23), \tau_3=(13)$. + +Number of distinct coset is $|G|/|H|=2$. + +The (left and right) cosets are: + +$$ +\tau_1 H=\tau_2 H=\tau_3 H=\{\tau_1,\tau_2,\tau_3\}\\ +H=\rho H=\rho^2 H=\{e,\rho,\rho^2\} +$$ + +For this case, left and right cosets are the same (gives the same partition of $G$). + +--- + +$H=\{e,\tau\}$ + +Left cosets: + +$$ +e H=H=\tau_1 H\\ +\rho H=\{\tau_3,\rho\}=\tau_3 H\\ +\rho^2 H=\{\tau_2,\rho^2\}=\tau_2 H +$$ + +Right cosets: + +$$ +H=H e=H\tau_1\\ +H\tau_2=\{\tau_2,\rho\}=H\rho \\ +H\tau_3=\{\tau_3,\rho^2\}=H\rho^2 +$$ + +
+ +#### Definition of Normal Subgroup + +A subgroup $H\leq G$ is called a normal subgroup if $aH=Ha$ for all $a\in G$. We denote it by $H\trianglelefteq G$ + +
+Example of normal subgroup + +Every subgroup of an abelian group is a normal subgroup. + +Prove using direct product of cyclic groups. + +--- + +If $G$ is finite, and $|H|=\frac{|G|}{2}$, then $H\trianglelefteq G$. + +> there are exactly two cosets, and one of them must be $H$, then the left coset $G\setminus H$ will always be the same as the right $G\setminus H$. + +$A_n\trianglelefteq S_n$ + +--- + +If $\phi:G\to G'$ is a homomorphism, then $\ker(\phi)\trianglelefteq G$ + +We will use the equivalent definition of normal subgroup. ($aha^{-1}\in H$ for all $a\in G, h\in H$) + +$\phi(aha^{-1})=phi(a)\phi(h)\phi(a)^{-1}=\phi(a)e'\phi(a)^{-1}=e'$, so $aha^{-1}\in \ker(\phi)$ + +--- + +Consider $\operatorname{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})$ be all the invertible matrices of size $n\times n$ + +Let $H=\{A\in \operatorname{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})|\det(A)=1\}$. + +$H\trianglelefteq \operatorname{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})$ + +$\phi:\operatorname{GL}(n,\mathbb{R})\to (\mathbb{R}-\{0\},\cdot)$ where $\phi(A)=\det(A)$ + +Then $H=\ker(\phi)$ + +
+ +#### Lemma for equivalent definition of normal subgroup + +The following are equivalent: + +1. $H\trianglelefteq G$ +2. $aHa^{-1}=H$ for all $a\in G$ +3. $aHa^{-1}\subseteq H$ for all $a\in G$, that is $aha^{-1}\in H$ for all $a\in G$ + +
+Proof + +We first show that $1\implies 2$. + +$aHa^{-1}\subseteq H$: + +If $aH=Ha$, for every $h\in H$, $ah=h'a$ for some $h'$, so $aha^{-1}=h'\in H$. + +$H\subseteq aHa^{-1}$: + +we have $Ha=aH$, so for every $h\in H$, $ha=ah'$ for some $h'$, so $h=ah'a^{-1}\in aHa^{-1}$. + +$2\implies 3$: clear + +$3\implies 1$: + +$aH\subseteq Ha$. for any $h\in H$, $\forall aha^{-1}\in H$, so $aha^{-1}=h'\in H$, so $ah=h'a\in Ha$ so $aH\subseteq Ha$. + +$Ha\subseteq aH$: apply previous part to $a^{-1}$., and $a^{-1}H\subseteq Ha^{-1}$, so $\forall h\in H$ $a^{-1}h=h'a^{-1}\in Ha^{-1}$, so $ha=ah'$. diff --git a/content/Math4302/_meta.js b/content/Math4302/_meta.js index 77f25a3..f540043 100644 --- a/content/Math4302/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4302/_meta.js @@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ export default { Math4302_L11: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 11)", Math4302_L12: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 12)", Math4302_L13: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 13)", + Math4302_L14: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 14)", }