diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L3.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L3.md index 9bcbafc..76a0a59 100644 --- a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L3.md +++ b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L3.md @@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ The map $f$ is continuous if and only if $g$ is continuous; $f$ is a quotient ma An $m$-dimensional **manifold** is a topological space $X$ that is 1. Hausdorff -2. With a countable basis such that each point of $x$ of $X$ has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$. +2. With a countable basis +3. Each point of $x$ of $X$ has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$. > [!NOTE] > diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L4.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ab0a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L4.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +# Math4202 Topology II (Lecture 4) + +## Manifolds + +### Imbedding of Manifolds + +#### Definition of Manifold + +An $m$-dimensional **manifold** is a topological space $X$ that is + +1. Hausdorff +2. With a countable basis +3. Each point of $x$ of $X$ has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$. (local euclidean) + +> [!NOTE] +> +> Try to find some example that satisfies some of the properties above but not a manifold. + +1. Non-Hausdorff +2. Non-countable basis + - Consider $\mathbb{R}^\delta$ where the set is $\mathbb{R}$ with discrete topology. The basis must include all singleton sets in $\mathbb{R}$ therefore $\mathbb{R}^\delta$ is not second countable. +3. Non-local euclidean + - Consider the subspace topology over segment $[0,1]$ on real line, the subspace topology is not local euclidean since the open set containing the end point $[0,a)$ is not homeomorphic to open sets in $\mathbb{R}$. (if we remove the end point, in the segment space we have $(0,a)$ but in $\mathbb{R}$ is $(-a,0)\cup (0,a)$, which is not connected. Therefore cannot be homeomorphic to open sets in $\mathbb{R}$) + - Any shape with intersection is not local euclidean. + +#### Whitney's Embedding Theorem + +If $X$ is a compact $m$-manifold, then $X$ can be imbedded in $\mathbb{R}^N$ for some positive integer $N$. + +_In general, $X$ is not required to be compact. And $N$ is not too big. For non compact $X$, $N\leq 2m+1$ and for compact $X$, $N\leq 2m$._ + +#### Definition for partition of unity + +Let $\{U_i\}_{i=1}^n$ be a finite open cover of topological space $X$. An indexed family of **continuous** function $\phi_i:X\to[0,1]$ for $i=1,...,n$ is said to be a **partition of unity** dominated by $\{U_i\}_{i=1}^n$ if + +1. $\operatorname{supp}(\phi_i)=\overline{\{x\in X: \phi_i(x)\neq 0\}}\subseteq U_i$ (the closure of points where $\phi_i(x)\neq 0$ is in $U_i$) for all $i=1,...,n$ +2. $\sum_{i=1}^n \phi_i(x)=1$ for all $x\in X$ (partition of function to $1$) + +#### Existence of finite partition of unity + +Let $\{U_i\}_{i=1}^n$ be a finite open cover of a normal space $X$ (Every pair of closed sets in $X$ can be separated by two open sets in $X$). + +Then there exists a partition of unity dominated by $\{U_i\}_{i=1}^n$. + +_A more generalized version, If the space is paracompact, then there exists a partition of unity dominated by $\{U_i\}_{i\in I}$ with locally finite. (Theorem 41.7)_ + +
+Proof for Whithney's Embedding Theorem + +Since $X$ is a compact manifold, $\forall x\in X$, there is an open neighborhood $U_x$ of $x$ such that $U_x$ is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^d$. That means there exists $\varphi_i:U_x\to \varphi(U_x)\subseteq \mathbb{R}^m$. + +Where $\{U_x\}_{x\in X}$ is an open cover of $X$. Since $X$ is compact, there is a finite subcover $\bigcup_{i=1}^k U_{x_i}=X$. + +Apply the existsence of partition of unity, we can find a partition of unity dominated by $\{U_{x_i}\}_{i=1}^k$. With family of functions $\phi_i:\mathbb{R}^d\to[0,1]$. + +Define $h_i:X\to \mathbb{R}^m$ by + +$$ +h_i(x)=\begin{cases} +\phi_i(x)\varphi_i(x) & \text{if }x=x_i\\ +0 & \text{otherwise} +\end{cases} +$$ + +We claim that $h_i$ is continuous using pasting lemma. + +On $U_i$, $h_i=\phi_i\varphi_i$ is product of two continuous functions therefore continuous. + +On $X-\operatorname{supp}(\phi_i)$, $h_i=0$ is continuous. + +By pasting lemma, $h_i$ is continuous. + +Continue on next lecture. + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Math4202/_meta.js b/content/Math4202/_meta.js index 13ed57f..b65e509 100644 --- a/content/Math4202/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4202/_meta.js @@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ export default { Math4202_L1: "Topology II (Lecture 1)", Math4202_L2: "Topology II (Lecture 2)", Math4202_L3: "Topology II (Lecture 3)", + Math4202_L4: "Topology II (Lecture 4)", } diff --git a/content/Math4302/Math4302_L4.md b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4e5c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4302/Math4302_L4.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Math4302 Modern Algebra (Lecture 4) + diff --git a/content/Math4302/_meta.js b/content/Math4302/_meta.js index db2b413..276a602 100644 --- a/content/Math4302/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4302/_meta.js @@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ export default { Math4302_L1: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 1)", Math4302_L2: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 2)", Math4302_L3: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 3)", + Math4302_L4: "Modern Algebra (Lecture 4)", }