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+# Math4202 Topology II (Lecture 6)
+
+## Algebraic Topology
+
+Classify 2-dimensional topological manifolds (connected) up to homeomorphism/homotopy equivalence.
+
+Use fundamental groups.
+
+We want to show that:
+
+1. The fundamental group is invariant under the equivalence relation.
+2. develop some methods to compute the groups.
+3. 2-dimensional topological spaces with the same fundamental group are equivalent (homeomorphism).
+
+### Homotopy of paths
+
+#### Definition of path
+
+If $f$ and $f'$ are two continuous maps from $X$ to $Y$, where $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces. Then we say that $f$ is homotopic to $f'$ if there exists a continuous map $F:X\times [0,1]\to Y$ such that $F(x,0)=f(x)$ and $F(x,1)=f'(x)$ for all $x\in X$.
+
+The map $F$ is called a homotopy between $f$ and $f'$.
+
+We use $f\simeq f'$ to mean that $f$ is homotopic to $f'$.
+
+#### Definition of homotopic equivalence map
+
+Let $f:X\to Y$ and $g:Y\to X$ be two continuous maps. If $f\circ g:Y\to Y$ and $g\circ f:X\to X$ are homotopic to the identity maps $\operatorname{id}_Y$ and $\operatorname{id}_X$, then $f$ and $g$ are homotopic equivalence maps. And the two spaces $X$ and $Y$ are homotopy equivalent.
+
+> [!NOTE]
+>
+> This condition is weaker than homeomorphism. (In homeomorphism, let $g=f^{-1}$, we require $g\circ f=\operatorname{id}_X$ and $f\circ g=\operatorname{id}_Y$.)
+
+<details>
+<summary>Example of homotopy equivalence maps</summary>
+
+Let $X=\{a\}$ and $Y=[0,1]$ with standard topology.
+
+Consider $f:X\to Y$ by $f(a)=0$ and $g:Y\to X$ by $g(y)=a$, where $y\in [0,1]$.
+
+$g\circ f=\operatorname{id}_X$ and $f\circ g=[0,1]\mapsto 0$.
+
+$g\circ f\simeq \operatorname{id}_X$ 
+
+and $f\circ g\simeq \operatorname{id}_Y$.
+
+Consider $F:X\times [0,1]\to Y$ by $F(a,0)=0$ and $F(a,t)=(1-t)y$. $F$ is continuous and homotopy between $f\circ g$ and $\operatorname{id}_Y$.
+
+This gives example of homotopy but not homeomorphism.
+
+</details>
+
+#### Definition of null homology
+
+If $f:X\to Y$ is homotopy to a constant map. $f$ is called null homotopy.
+
+#### Definition of path homotopy
+
+Let $f,f':I\to X$ be a continuous maps from an interval $I=[0,1]$ to a topological space $X$.
+
+Two pathes $f$ and $f'$ are path homotopic if 
+
+- there exists a continuous map $F:I\times [0,1]\to X$ such that $F(i,0)=f(i)$ and $F(i,1)=f'(i)$ for all $i\in I$.
+- $f(0)=f'(0)$ and $f(1)=f'(1)$.