From d223d8ec5fe5a13e3749aed95402bd87f9739c95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zheyuan Wu <60459821+Trance-0@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2026 11:50:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH] update

---
 content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 content/Math4202/_meta.js        |  1 +
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md

diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L15.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70d9e8b
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+# Math4202 Topology II (Lecture 15)
+
+## Algebraic Topology
+
+### Fundamental group of the circle
+
+Recall from previous lecture, we have $p:\mathbb{R}\to S^1$ by $x\mapsto e^{2\pi ix}$.
+
+We want to study the relation between the paths in $\mathbb{R}$ starting at $0$ and the loops in $S^1$ at $1$.
+
+#### Definition for lift
+
+Let $p:E\to B$ be a map. If $f$ is a continuous map from $X\to B$, a lifting of $f$ is a map $\tilde{f}:X\to E$ such that $p\circ \tilde{f}=f$
+
+> A natural question is, whether lifting always exists? and how many of them (up to homotopy)?
+
+Back to the circle example, we have $f:I\to S^1$, representing a loop, and $p:\mathbb{R}\to S^1$, by $p(x)=e^{2\pi ix}$.
+
+#### Lemma for unique lifting for covering map
+
+Let $p: E\to B$ be a covering map, and $e_0\in E$ and $p(e_0)=b_0$. Any path $f:I\to B$ beginning at $b_0$, has a unique lifting to a path starting at $e_0$.
+
+Back to the circle example, it means that there exists a unique correspondence between a loop starting at $(1,0)$ in $S^1$ and a path in $\mathbb{R}$ starting at $0$, ending in $\mathbb{Z}$.
+
+<details>
+<summary>Proof</summary>
+
+Starting at $b_0$, by the covering map property, there exist some open neighborhood $U_0$ of $b_0$ such that $V_0=p^{-1}(U_0)$ is a neighborhood of $e_0$. And $p|_{V_0}$ is a homeomorphism on to $U_0$. 
+
+Since $f$ is continuous, then $f^{-1}(U_0)$ is open in $I$ and we can find some small open neighborhood $[0,s_1]$, such that $f^{-1}([0,s_1])\subset V_0$.
+
+Then we define $\tilde{f}:[0,s_1]\to E$, by $\tilde {f}(t)=(p|_{V_0})^{-1}\circ f$.
+
+Continue with compactness property... Continue on Wednesday.
+
+</details>
+
+#### Lemma for unique lifting homotopy for covering map
+
+Let $p: E\to B$ be a covering map, and $e_0\in E$ and $p(e_0)=b_0$. Let $F:I\times I\to B$ be continuous with $F(0,0)=b_0$. There is a unique lifting of $F$ to a continuous map $\tilde{F}:T\times I\to E$, such that $\tilde{F}(0,0)=e_0$.
+
+Further more, if $F$ is a path homotopy, then $\tilde{F}$ is a path homotopy.
+
diff --git a/content/Math4202/_meta.js b/content/Math4202/_meta.js
index cd99f91..4e36211 100644
--- a/content/Math4202/_meta.js
+++ b/content/Math4202/_meta.js
@@ -17,4 +17,5 @@ export default {
     Math4202_L12: "Topology II (Lecture 12)",
     Math4202_L13: "Topology II (Lecture 13)",
     Math4202_L14: "Topology II (Lecture 14)",
+    Math4202_L15: "Topology II (Lecture 15)",
 }