diff --git a/content/Math401/Math401_H1.md b/content/Math401/Math401_H1.md index 5ab693a..23287b0 100644 --- a/content/Math401/Math401_H1.md +++ b/content/Math401/Math401_H1.md @@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ I made this little book for my Honor Thesis, showing the relevant parts of my wo Contents updated as displayed and based on my personal interest and progress with Prof.Feres. - diff --git a/content/Math4202/Math4202_L28.md b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L28.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8eeb1cc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4202/Math4202_L28.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +# Math4202 Topology II (Lecture 28) + +## Algebraic Topology + +### Fundamental Groups of Some Surfaces + +Recall from last week, we will see the fundamental group of $T^2=S^1\times S^1$, and $\mathbb{R}P^2$, Torus with genus $2$. + +Some of them are abelian, and some are not. + +#### Theorem for fundamental groups of product spaces + +Let $X,Y$ be two manifolds. Then the fundamental group of $X\times Y$ is the direct product of their fundamental groups, + +i.e. + +$$ +\pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))=\pi_1(X,x_0)\times \pi_1(Y,y_0) +$$ + +
+Proof + +We need to find group homomorphism: $\phi:\pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))\to \pi_1(X,x_0)\times \pi_1(Y,y_0)$. + +Let $P_x,P_y$ be the projection from $X\times Y$ to $X$ and $Y$ respectively. + +$$ +(P_x)_*:\pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))\to \pi_1(X,x_0) +$$ + +$$ +(P_y)_*:\pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))\to \pi_1(Y,y_0) +$$ + +Given $\alpha\in \pi_1(X\times Y,(x_0,y_0))$, then $\phi(\alpha)=((P_x)_*\alpha,(P_y)_*\alpha)\in \pi_1(X,x_0)\times \pi_1(Y,y_0)$. + +Since $(P_x)_*$ and $(P_y)_*$ are group homomorphism, so $\phi$ is a group homomorphism. + +**Then we need to show that $\phi$ is bijective.** Then we have the isomorphism of fundamental groups. + +To show $\phi$ is injective, then it is sufficient to show that $\ker(\phi)=\{e\}$. + +Given $\alpha\in \ker(\phi)$, then $(P_x)_*\alpha=\{e_x\}$ and $(P_y)_*\alpha=\{e_y\}$, so we can find a path homotopy $P_X(\alpha)\simeq e_x$ and $P_Y(\alpha)\simeq e_y$. + +So we can build $(H_x,H_y):X\times Y\times I\to X\times I$ by $(x,y,t)\mapsto (H_x(x,t),H_y(y,t))$ is a homotopy from $\alpha$ and $e_x\times e_y$. + +So $[\alpha]=[(e_x\times e_y)]$. $\ker(\phi)=\{[(e_x\times e_y)]\}$. + +Next, we show that $\phi$ is surjective. + +Given $(\alpha,\beta)\in \pi_1(X,x_0)\times \pi_1(Y,y_0)$, then $(\alpha,\beta)$ is a loop in $X\times Y$ based at $(x_0,y_0)$. and $(P_x)_*([\alpha,\beta])=[\alpha]$ and $(P_y)_*([\alpha,\beta])=[\beta]$. +
+ +#### Corollary for fundamental groups of $T^2$ + +The fundamental group of $T^2=S^1\times S^1$ is $\mathbb{Z}\times \mathbb{Z}$. + +#### Theorem for fundamental groups of $\mathbb{R}P^2$ + +$\mathbb{R}P^2$ is a compact 2-dimensional manifold with the universal covering space $S^2$ and a $2-1$ covering map $q:S^2\to \mathbb{R}P^2$. + +#### Corollary for fundamental groups of $\mathbb{R}P^2$ + +$\pi_1(\mathbb{R}P^2)=\#q^{-1}(\{x_0\})=\{a,b\}=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ + +Using the path-lifting correspondence. + +#### Lemma for The fundamental group of figure-8 + +The fundamental group of figure-8 is not abelian. + diff --git a/content/Math4202/_meta.js b/content/Math4202/_meta.js index a2717de..945d47a 100644 --- a/content/Math4202/_meta.js +++ b/content/Math4202/_meta.js @@ -33,4 +33,5 @@ export default { Math4202_L25: "Topology II (Lecture 25)", Math4202_L26: "Topology II (Lecture 26)", Math4202_L27: "Topology II (Lecture 27)", + Math4202_L28: "Topology II (Lecture 28)", } diff --git a/content/Math4302/Exam_reviews/Math4302_E2.md b/content/Math4302/Exam_reviews/Math4302_E2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d027bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Math4302/Exam_reviews/Math4302_E2.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Math 4302 Exam 2 Review \ No newline at end of file